USO DE PLANTAS DE MACETA EN EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DE NUEVOS VIÑEDOS DE UVA DE MESA

Históricamente, la mayoría de las viñas se han producido como plantas de raíz desnuda, entregadas y plantadas al final del invierno como viñas de un año de edad. En los últimos años, para satisfacer la alta demanda de plantas y acortar el tiempo de producción de las viñas, se han preparado grandes volúmenes de plantas de cartón en formato de bolsa para su entrega y plantación en primavera a los 3-4 meses de edad. Después del injerto, estas viñas se plantan individualmente en bolsas de plástico o fibra y se entregan a las granjas con raíces y brotes en la misma temporada en que fueron injertados.

El aumento de los volúmenes de plantas de maceta de primavera ha creado la necesidad de importantes ajustes en los procesos técnicos y de producción en los viveros. Las granjas también tuvieron que adaptar sus procesos de plantación, ya que las plantas de maceta requieren un manejo más preciso y tienen una mayor sensibilidad a las condiciones de estrés en comparación con las plantas de raíz desnuda. Estos ajustes han puesto de manifiesto otra necesidad de normalizar los parámetros de calidad específicos de las plantas de maceta, diferentes de los que históricamente se han denominado plantas de raíz desnuda.

Los viveros se han estado ajustando a los procesos, principalmente utilizando invernaderos con condiciones climáticas controladas y tecnología de riego para producir el mayor desarrollo de las raíces y el crecimiento de un brote sano y equilibrado. Los viveros también han estado experimentando con materiales de cartón y mezclas de sustratos, buscando la combinación adecuada de bolsa/cartón y sustratos para mantener las raíces sin pérdidas ni daños. Las tendencias actuales favorecen a los sustratos con mayor retención de humedad y materiales de cartón biodegradables que pueden ser incorporados en el hoyo de la plantación sin ser removidos.

La gestión del campo de las plantas de cartonaje debe ser cuidadosa y precisa:

Se recomienda plantar a finales de la primavera. El mayor riesgo de fracaso se produce cuando las viñas se plantan en verano con temperaturas > 30-35° C (86-95° F) y baja humedad relativa (<40%).Las plantas deben aclimatarse a la sombra y regarse frecuentemente durante varios días antes de plantarlas.Es muy importante que el suelo esté preparado correctamente para permitir un desarrollo uniforme y rápido de las raíces jóvenes.

Mezclar el suelo, el sustrato y la materia orgánica de manera uniforme. En los suelos arenosos, puede ser más difícil conseguir que el sustrato y el suelo se mezclen homogéneamente.

La gestión del riego antes e inmediatamente después de la plantación es un factor crítico para el éxito de la misma. Se necesita un ajuste fino para lograr el nivel de humedad adecuado: lo suficientemente húmedo para asegurar un buen desarrollo de las raíces sin encharcamiento, lo que restringiría el crecimiento de las raíces.

Dada la corta edad de estas nuevas viñas, el desarrollo de la unión del injerto no se termina en el vivero y por lo tanto la finalización de la unión del injerto se produce después de la plantación. Este es un factor crítico para el éxito del establecimiento, pero no se puede medir realmente antes de entregar las plantas. En la producción de plantas de raíz desnuda, las viñas tienen un año completo en el vivero para completar la unión del injerto. Durante este período, las viñas con uniones de injerto incompletas son más fáciles de identificar y eliminar, mientras que en las plantas de cartón el proceso de selección es más difícil con un mayor riesgo y un mayor potencial de fracaso de vida o de crecimiento desigual en el campo después de la plantación.

Una buena planta de maceta debe tener:

  • Un brote en crecimiento activo.
  • Las raíces que llenan el sustrato de la bolsa (generalmente 300-500 cc), dirigidas hacia abajo y con la presencia de puntas blancas.
  • Ausencia de deficiencias nutricionales y enfermedades visibles.
  • Las hojas basales deberían estar idealmente maduras.
  • El diámetro ideal de los materiales injertados debe ser de 7-9 mm (0.28-0.35 in) con callosidades en toda la circunferencia del injerto.

Aunque las plantas de raíz desnuda son más fáciles de manipular y ofrecen menos riesgo que las plantas de cartón, tanto para los productores como para los viveros, en el contexto de la moderna industria de la uva de mesa las plantas de cartón representan una oportunidad para superar el suministro limitado (en el tiempo) de material vegetal de las nuevas variedades patentadas. Por lo tanto, es sumamente importante que las viñas de maceta se entreguen con los parámetros de calidad más elevados y que las explotaciones agrícolas empleen prácticas de plantación satisfactorias, en particular en regiones con condiciones climáticas de verano duras.

Los mayores volúmenes de plantas de maceta de primavera han creado la necesidad de importantes ajustes en los procesos técnicos y de producción en los viveros. Los campos también tuvieron que adaptar sus procesos de siembra, ya que las plantas de maceta requieren un manejo y tienen mayor sensibilidad a las condiciones de estrés en comparación con las plantas de raíz desnuda. Estos ajustes han expuesto una necesidad adicional de estandarizar parámetros de calidad específicos para las plantas de maceta, diferentes de las que históricamente se han denominado plantas de raíz desnuda.

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